AZA. 2023. Species Survival Statistics [data table report]. Chicago (IL): Lincoln Park Zoo/AZA Population Management Center; [accessed 2023 Apr 18]. https://www.aza.org/species-survival-statistics.
Baskin, J. 1998. Mustelidae. In: Janis, C.. M. Scott and L. Jacobs (Eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom. pp. 152–173
Bell, C. (Ed.) 2001. Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago and London.
Benza, D , S. Cantabene, N. Foland, R. Sears, J. Reed-Smith 2009. In: Reed-Smith J.(Ed.) Summary of Husbandry Guidelines for African spotted-necked Otters in Captivity [PDF]. IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group, Otters in Captivity Task Force.
Blundell, G., M. Ben-David, P. Groves, R. Bowyer, E. Geffen. Kinship and sociality in coastal river otters: are they related? Behavioral Ecology 15(5):705-714.
Borror, D. 1960. Dictionary of word roots and combining forms. National Press Books, Palo Alto, California.
Brzeziński, M., Romanowski, J. 2006. Experiments on sprainting activity of otters (Lutra lutra) in the Bieszczady Mountains, southeastern Poland. Mammalia 70: 58-63.
Capber, F. 2007 Veterinary Care of Eurasian Otters (Lutra lutra) at the Otter Breeding Centre of Hunawihr (France). IUCN Otter Specialist Broup Bulletin 24(1):47-62.
Davis, J. 1978. A classification of the otters. Duplaix, N. (Ed.) In: Proceedings of the First Working Meeting of the Otter Specialist Group, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. pp. 14-33.
Fulton, T. and C. Strobeck 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the Arctodoidea (Carnivora): effect of missing data on supertree and supermatrix analyses of multiple gene data sets. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41:165-181.
Gallant, D. 2007. Species-wise disparity in scientific knowledge about otters: an obstacle to optimal management and conservation action? IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 24(1):5-13.
Gnoli, C. C. Prigioni, P. Polotti 1998. In: Dulfer, R., A. Gutleb, J. Nel and J. Conroy (Eds.) Behavioural use of vocalizations by Eurasian Otters (Lutra lutra). Proceeding of the VII th International Otter Colloquium in Trebon/Czech Republic. IUCN/Otter Specialist Group.
Harris, C. 1968. Otters: A Study of the Recent Lutrinae. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
Hoffmann, M. 2008. Lutra maculicollis. In: IUCN 2008 Red List of Endangered Species. Downloaded Jan. 2010.
IUCN Redlist 2008. Lutra maculicollis. Accessed Jan. 2010. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12420/3344695.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) 2010. Uploaded Feb. 2010.
Koepfli, K-P. and R. Wayne 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of otters (Carnivora: Mustelidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Journal of Zoology, London, 246:401-416.
Koepfli, K-P, K. Deere, G. Slater, C. Begg, K Begg, L. Grassman, M. Lucherini, G. Veron, R. Wayne 2008. Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation.
Kruuk, H. 2001. Otters. In: MacDonald, D. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Mammals. Andromeda Oxford Limited, UK. pp. 110-115.
Kruuk, H. 2006. Otters: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford UK
Kkruuk, H. and P. Goudswaard 1990. Effects of changes in fish populations in Lake Victoria on the food of otters (Lutra maculicollis Schinz and Anonyx capensis Lichtenstein). African Journal of Ecology. 28:332-329.
Larivière, S. 2002. Lutra maculicollis. Mammalian Species 712:1-6. American Society of Mammalogists.
Lejeune, A. and V. Frank 1990. Distribution of Lutra maculicollis in Rwanda: ecological constraints. International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 5:8-16.
Mason, C. and S. Macdonald 1990. Conclusions and priorities for Otter Conservation. In: Foster-Turley, P. S. Macdonald, C. Mason (Eds) Otters: An Action Plan for their Conservation. IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group. pp. 80-89.
Mason, C. and D.T. Rowe-Rowe 1992. Organochlorine pesticide residues and PCBs in otter scats from Natal. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 22:29-31.
Mass, A. and A. Supin 2002. Vision. In: Perrin, W., B. Wursig, J. Thewissen (Eds) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. pp. 1280-1293.
Melquist, W. P. Polechla, D. Toweill 2003. River Otters: Lutra canadensis. In: Feldhamer, G. B. Thompson, J. Chapman (Eds.) Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.
Ogada, M. 2004 Scats and Glue – a Cheap and Accurate Method for Mapping African Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis (Schinz, 1821) Territories in Riverine Habitat [PDF]. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 21(1): 36 - 39
"otter" Merriam Webster's online dictionary.
Park, E. 1971. The world of the otter. J. B. Lippincott, New York.
Perrin, M. and I. D'Inzillo Carranza 2000. Habitat use by spotted-necked otters in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg, South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Reserach 30:15-21.
____________________________2000a. Activity patterns of the spotted-necked otter in the Natal Drakensberg, South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 30(1):1-7.
Perrin, M., D'Inzillo Carranza, and I. J. Linn. 2000. Use of space by the spotted-necked otter in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg, South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 30(1):15-21.
Procter, J. 1963. A contribution to the natural history of the spotted-necked otter (Lutra maculicollis Lichtenstein) in Tanganyika. East African Wildlife Journal 1:93-102.
Reed-Smith J.,Jacques H. and Somers MJ. 2015. Hydrictis maculicollis. The IUCN red list of threatened species [Internet]. Version 2019.2; e.T12420A21936042 [species assessed 2014 Jun 14; page accessed 2019 Oct 08]. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12420A21936042.en
Rowe-Rowe, D.T. 1978. The small carnivores of Natal. Lammergeyer 25, 1-48.
______________1990. (Mason & Macdonald 1990) Action plan for African otters: . In: Foster-Turley, P.S. Macdonald, C. Mason (Eds) Otters: An Action Plan for their Conservation. IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group. Gland, Switzerland. pp. 41-51.
______________1992. The carnivores of Natal, Natal Parks Board. Pietermaritzburg., South Africa.
______________1995. Distribution and status of African otters. Habitat 11:8-10
Rowe-Rowe, D.T. and M. Sommers 1998. Diet, foraging behaviour, and coexistence of African otters and the water mongoose. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 71:216-227.
Sato, J., T. Hosoda, M. Wolsan, H. Suzuki 2004. Molecular phylogeny of arctoids (Mammalia:Carnivora) with emphasis on phylogenetic and taxonomic positions of ferret-badgers and skunks. Zoological Science. 21:111-118.
Simpson, G.G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 85:1-350.
Somers, M and M. Purves 1996. Trophic overlap between three syntopic semi-aquatic carnivores: Cape clawless otter, spotted neck otter and water mongoose. African Journal of Ecology 34:158-166.
Stuart, C. 1985. The status of two endangered carnivores occurring in the Cape Province, South Africa, Felis serval and Lutra maculicollis. Biological Conservation 32:375-382.
Tarasoff, F. 1974. Anatomical adaptations in the river otter, sea otter and harp seal with reference to thermal regulation. In Harrison, R. (Ed.) Functional Anatomy of Marine Mammals. 2:111-142. Academic Press, London, UK.
UNEP. 2019. Species+: Hydrictis maculicollis [online database]. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP [compiled by UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK]. [accessed 2019 Oct 15]. https://www.speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/9899/legal.
Wilson, D. D. Reeder (eds) 2005. Mammal Species of the World:Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3rd edition.
Wozencraft, W.C. 2005. Family Mustelidae. Subfamily Lutrinae. In: Wilson, D. and D. Reeder (Eds.) Mammal species of the World. 3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 601-605.
