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Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Fact Sheet: Bibliography & Resources

Bibliography

AZA. 2023. Species Survival Statistics [data table report]. Chicago (IL): Lincoln Park Zoo/AZA Population Management Center; [accessed 2023 Apr 18]. https://www.aza.org/species-survival-statistics.

Bermejo, M. (2004) Home-range use and intergroup encounters in western gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) at Lossi Forest, north Congo. American Journal of Primatology, 64(2): 223-232

Bradley, B. J. et al. (2004) Dispersed male networks in western gorillas. Current Biology 14, 510-513.

Breuer, T. et al. (2005) First observation of tool use in wild gorillas. PLoS Biology 3, 2041-2043 (online e380).

Brown, S. G. (1988) Play behaviour in lowland gorillas: age differences, sex differences, and possible functions. Primates 29, 219-228.

Cipolletta, Chloe (2004) Effects of group dynamics and diet on the ranging patterns of a western gorilla group (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. American Journal of Primatology, 64(2): 193-205.

Clifford, S. L. et al. (2003) Genetic studies of western gorillas. Pp. 269-292 IN: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (eds.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

Clifford, S. L. et al. (2004) Mitochondrial DNS phylogeography of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Molecular Ecology 13, 1551-1565.

CNN Wire (2019 Jul 26). The oldest living western lowland gorilla in a zoo has died at 63. Miami (FL): WSVN-TVSunbeam Television Corp. https://wsvn.com/news/us-world/the-oldest-living-western-lowland-gorilla-in-a-zoo-has-died-at-63/.

Deblauwe, I , et al, (2003) Insectivory by Gorilla gorilla gorilla in Southeast Cameroon International Journal of Primatology 24(3) 493-502.

Doran, D. M. & McNeilage, A. (1998). Gorilla ecology and behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, 120-131.

Doran, D. M. & McNeilage, A. (2001) Subspecific variation in gorilla behavior: the influence of ecological and social factors. Pp. 123-149 IN: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)

Doran, D.M. & McNeilage, A. et al (2002) Western lowland gorilla diet and resource availability: new evidence, cross-site comparisons, and reflections on indirect sampling methods. American Journal of Primatology 58: 91-116.

Doran-Sheehy, D.M. et al (2004) Impact of ecological and social factors on ranging in western gorillas. American Joujrnal of Primatology 64: 207-222.

Fay, JM, et al (1995) Leopard attack on, and consumption of gorillas in the Central African Republic, Journal of Human Evolution, Vol 29 (1) 93-99.

Ferriss, F. (2005) Gorilla overview and Western gorilla. pp 97-127. IN: Caldecott, J & Miles, L. (eds). World atlas of great apes and their conservation. Los Angeles : University of California Press.

Fossey, D. (1972) Vocalisations of the mountain gorilla. Animal Behaviour 20, 36-53.

Fossey, D. (1982) Reproduction among free-living mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology, Suppl. 1, 97-104.

Fossey, D. (1984) Infanticide in mountain gorillas with comparative notes on chimpanzees. Pp. 217-235 in: Hausfater, G. & Hrdy, S. B. (eds.) Infanticide. New York : Aldine

Freeman, Andrea S., et al (2004) Endoparasites of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 40(4): 775-81

Furniss, C. (2005) Seizing the moment; the great apes survival project, Africa Geographic July 2005 pp 41-51.

Garner, K. J. & Ryder, O. A. (1996) Mitochondrial DNA diversity in gorillas. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6, 39-48.

Goldsmith, Michele L. (1999) Ecological Constraints on the Foraging Effort of Western Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hoköu, Central African Republic. International Journal of Primatology 20(1) 1-23.

Groves, C. P. (2001) Primate Taxonomy. Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution Press.

Groves, C. P. (2003) A history of gorilla taxonomy. Pp. 15-34 IN: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (eds.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

Groves, C. P. (2006) Taxonomy and biogeography of the primates of western Uganda. IN: Newton-Fisher, et al. (eds.) Primates of Western Uganda. Springer: New York, NY. pp. 3-20.

Harcourt, A.H., Fossey, D., Stewart, K.J., Watts, D.P. (1980) Reproduction in wild gorillas and some comparisons with chimpanzees, Journal of Reproduction & Fertility Supplement, 28:59-70.

Harcourt, A.H. (1986) Gorilla conservation: anatomy of a campaign. Pp 31-46. IN: Benirschke, K. ed, Primates: The Road to self-sustaining populations. Springer-Verlag. New York.

Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (2001) Vocal relationships of wild mountain gorillas. Pp. 241-262 IN: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)

Magliocca, Florence; Gautier-Hion, Annie (2004) Inter-group encounters in western lowland gorillas at a forest clearing. Folia Primatologica, 75(6): 379-382.

Maisels, F., Bergl, R.A. & Williamson, E.A. 2016. Gorilla gorilla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T9404A17963949. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T9404A17963949.en. Accessed 10 November 2016.

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Maple, TL, Hoff MP (1982) Gorilla Behavior New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Company

Meehan, T. (1997) Disease concerns in Lowland Gorillas. IN Management of Gorillas in Captivity: Husbandry Manual, Gorilla Species Survival Plan, Ogden J. and Wharton, D. (eds) Washington D.C. : American Zoo and Aquarium Association

Nowell, A.A. & Fletcher, A.W. (2004) Behavioral development in wild western lowland gorillas and a comparison with mountain gorillas. Folia Primatologica 75 S1: 314.

Ogden, J. & Schildkraut, D. (1991) Compilation of gorilla ethograms. Atlanta (Zoo Atlanta).

Perroux F, Meilvang AS, Bray SR. 2009. All about gorillas: a resource for conservation educators. Bern, Switzerland: World Association of Zoos and Aquariums / International Zoo Educator's Association. 32 pp.

Plumptre, A.J. et al (2003) The current status of gorillas and threats to their existence at the betinning of a new millennium IN Taylor, A.B. & Goldsmith, M.L. eds (2003) Gorilla biology: A multidisciplinary perspective. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press.

Plumptre, A., Robbins, M. & Williamson, E.A. 2016. Gorilla beringei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T39994A17964126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T39994A17964126.en. Downloaded on 11 November 2016.

Pullen, P. Kirsten (2005) Preliminary comparisons of male/male interactions within bachelor and breeding groups of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 90(2): pp. 143-153.

Remis, MJ. (2003) Are gorillas vacuum cleaners of the forest floor? The roles of body size, habitat and food preferences on dietary flexibility and nutrition. IN Taylor, AB and Goldsmith, ML eds, Gorilla Biology; a multidisciplinary perspective, pp 385-404

Robbins, MM, et al (2004) Social Structure and Life-History Patterns in western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) American Journal of Primatology 64: 145-159.

Rogers M.E. et al (2004) Western gorilla diet: a synthesis from six sites. American Journal of Primatology 64: 173-192.

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Sarmiento, E. E. (2003) Distribution, taxonomy, genetics, ecology, and causal links of gorilla survival: the need to develop practical knowledge for gorilla conservation. IN: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (eds.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Pp 432-471

Sarmiento, E.E. & Oates, J.F. (2000) The Cross River gorillas: A distinct subspecies Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie 1904 American Museum Novitates 3304: 1-55.

Schaller, G.B. (1963) The Mountain gorilla. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Stewart, K. J. & Harcourt, A. H. (1987) Gorillas: variation in female relationships. Pp. 155-165 in: Smuts, B. B. et al. (eds.) Primate societies. Chicago (University of Chicago Press).

Stoinski, T.; Hoff, M.P., Maple, T.L. (2004) Infant development in western lowland gorillas: the first three years. American Journal of Primatology, 62(Suppl. 1); pp. 46-47; Special Issue: Abstracts of Presentations Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting The American Society of Primatologists Hosted by The National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA, June 8th to 11th 2004. Editor: Norconk, Marilyn A.

Stoinski, T.S.; Forde, D.; Lane, L. (2004) The influence of context on social behavior in western lowland gorillas. American Journal of Primatology, 62(Suppl. 1); pp. 69-70. Special Issue: Abstracts of Presentations Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting The American Society of Primatologists Hosted by The National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA, June 8th to 11th 2004. Editor: Norconk, Marilyn A.

Stokes, E.J., Parnell, R.J., & Olejniczak, C. (2003) Female dispersal and reproductive success in wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 54: 329-339.

Stokes, E. J. et al. (2003) Female dispersal and reproductive success in wild western lowland gorillas. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 54, 329-339.

Stokes, E. J. (2004) Within-group social relationships among females and adult males in wild western lowland gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 64, 233-246.

Taylor, A.B. & Goldsmith, M.L. eds (2003) Gorilla biology: A multidisciplinary perspective. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press.

Tutin, CEG (1996) Ranging and social structure of lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. IN McGrew, W.C. ed., Great Ape Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press pp 58-70

Tutin, CEG, Parnell, RJ, White LJT, Fernandez M (1995) Nest building by lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon: environmental influences and implications for censusing. International Journal of Primatology, 16, 53-76.

Tutin, CEG, Vedder A. (2001) Gorilla conservation and research in central Africa. In: African Rainforest Ecology and Conservation (eds Weber W. White LJT, Vedder A, Naughton-Treves L). pp. 429-448. New Haven: Yale University Press

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Vigilant, L. & Bradley, B. J. (2004) Genetic variation in gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 64, 161-172.

Watts, D.P. (2003) Gorilla social relationships: A comparative overview. IN: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (eds.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press). pp. 302-327.

Watts, D. P. (1989) Infanticide in mountain gorillas: New cases and a reconsideration of the evidence. Ethology 81, 1-18.

Watts, D. P. (1994) Agonistic relationships between female mountain gorillas. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 334, 347-358.

Watts, D. P. (2003) Gorilla social relationships: a comparative overview. Pp. 302-327 IN: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (eds.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

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Yamagiwa, J. (2003) Within-group feeding competition and socioecological factors influencing social organization of gorillas in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. IN: Taylor, A. B. & Goldsmith, M. L. (eds.) Gorilla biology. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press). pp. 328-357.

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