Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus)
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Taxonomy |
Physical Characteristics |
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Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia — mammals Order: Proboscidea Family: Elephantidae — elephants Genus: Elephas Species: Elephas maximus — Asian elephant, Indian elephant Subspecies: Elephas maximus maximus — Sri Lanka |
Body WeightMale: about 3,600 kg (7,900 lb), on average (up to 6,000 kg, or 13,000 lb) Head-body Length5.5–6.4 m (18 to 21 ft) Tail Length1.2–1.5 m (4 to 5 ft) Shoulder HeightMale: 2.7 m (8.9 ft), on average (up to 3.4 m, or 11 ft) Note: Most measurements based on elephant populations in India. Elephants found farther east and in Borneo smaller. General AppearanceTop of head is highest point of the body (top of shoulder is in African elephants). Male Asian elephants considerably larger than females of the same age. Large, angular ears that are smaller than those of African elephants. Robust legs, with joints that help Asian elephants walk through forest vegetation, on slopes, and on wet terrain. Bumpy, wrinkled skin over most of body. Sparse body hair in adults; those present often long and bristly. Female Asian elephants have no tusks or have small tushes (small teeth that rarely extend beyond the mouth). Only some males have tusks; proportion of tuskless males in a population varies widely—from 0 to 100%. ColorationSkin usually dark gray to brown, but some elephants lighter in color. E. m. maximus (populations of Sri Lanka) darkest in color. Mottled white or pink blotches on ears, base of trunk, head, neck, or chest present in some populations. |
Distribution & Status |
Behavior & Ecology |
RangePatchy occurrence in the Indian subcontinent, continental Southeast Asia, and islands in Asia (e.g., Sri Lanka, Borneo, Sumatra). Once ranged from the Middle East to China (still a small number of elephants in China). HabitatWide range of habitats, but common in lowlands near shade and sources of freshwater. Common in edge regions between forests and grasslands, or use these habitats primarily. Use broadleaf and montane forests, including primary and cultivated forests. Use areas near or altered by humans, particularly agricultural land. On islands, commonly use coastal habitats. IUCN Status
CITES AppendixAppendix I Other DesignationsFederal law prohibits killing of wild elephants in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and China. Populations in the WildApproximately 48,000 to 52,000 individuals, with largest populations thought to occur in India and Sri Lanka. Fewer than 1,000 individuals in half of the range countries where Asian elephants occur. Small (fewer than 500 individuals), highly threatened populations in Vietnam, Bangladesh, China, Nepal, and likely Cambodia. Threats to Survival
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Activity PatternsActive day and night. Often rest in the middle (warmest) part of the day. Spend roughly 60 to 80% (up to 90%) of their wakeful time feeding (or up to roughly 18 to 19 hours per day). Nighttime activity difficult to study and not well reported. MovementsMove long distances to find food and shelter. Typically change feeding areas every few days. Show fidelity to a well-defined home range, though areas used within their home range change daily and seasonally. Home range sizes vary widely. Not territorial. Formerly, extensive seasonal migrations; today, agriculture, roads, fences, and other human infrastructure impede elephant movements. Some seasonal movements still occur in southern India and Sri Lanka. In some locations, elephants may move across international boundaries, making conservation and management more complex. Social BehaviorBoth females and males may live singly or in small groups. Highly fluid social associations. A “group” may be a mother–calf pair or contain several adult females and their offspring. Females also often observed singly. Group size highly dynamic and member composition changes. Adult males in musth associate with females during estrus, and live singly or in small all-male groups when not breeding. CommunicationLarge repertoire of vocalizations, including "growls," "rumbles," and trumpeting sounds. Tactile communication used in greeting, play, and other social behaviors. Trunk most often used to initiate contact, and also used in caressing, wrestling, and checking reproductive status of other elephants. Sense of smell very important for finding food and water, in establishing/maintaining social relationships, and for breeding. Complex chemical mixtures present in urine, breath, and on skin, and also secreted by glands on the head, ears, and feet. Visual and seismic communication need further study. DietGeneralist herbivores. Eat a wide variety of trees, shrubs, climbing plants, herbs, and other plant types. Tend to prefer grasses but rely heavily on browse plants in some habitats, such as tropical wet forests. Eat many parts of plants, including leaves, stalks, bark, roots, fruits, and seeds. Eat many cultivated crops, especially banana and plantain plants, paddy (wet rice), corn/maize, and sugarcane, as well as grains, nut and fruit trees, etc. Drink every day when water available. PredatorsTigers as calves and smaller juveniles. None as adults, except for humans. LocomotionAdults typically walk. Faster gait is an unusual hybrid gait, where shoulders present a walking motion and hips present a running motion. Can move quickly when fleeing danger, charging perceived threats, or during play. Capable swimmers, possibly even over long distances. |
Reproduction & Development |
Species Highlights |
Mating SystemPolygynous. Females attract multiple males, and males of sufficient age and social status mate with multiple females. Males compete for access to females, who have a short conception period. BreedingFemales in estrus emit infrasonic calls to attract males. Mating and birth can occur any time during year, but birth pulses common in seasonal environments. Females can calve past age 50, perhaps up to 60 years of age. Male elephants experience a unique, rut-like sexual state called musth. Allows males access to females, reduces aggression among males, and facilitates female mate choice. Parental CareCalves looked after by their mothers and other adult and subadult females in their group. Adult females guard calf with body and guide/restrain calf movements using trunk. Helpers allow mother time to feed and rest, which benefits milk production. Long developmental period; mothers and other females care for young for 10 to 15 years. Sexual MaturityFemales: Wide variation across populations, with 10 to 15 years old being typical of populations in Sri Lanka and southern India. In human care, can be earlier or later (even into mid-20s). GestationApproximately 20 to 23 months, on average Litter SizeUsually 1 calf; twins rare Interbirth Interval4 to 5 years, on average, but variable (longer during harsher conditions) Birth WeightAbout 110 kg (240 lb), on average Age at WeaningRanges from 18 months to 4 years, or longer Typical Life ExpectancyHuman care: median life expectancy of about 47 to 48 years (females) |
Feature Facts
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© 2008-2024 San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. Updated and reviewed 2024.
How to cite: Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Fact Sheet. c2008-2024. San Diego (CA): San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance; [accessed YYYY Mmm dd]. http://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/ asianelephant.
(Note: replace YYYY Mmm dd with date accessed, e.g., 2024 Oct 15)
Disclaimer: Although San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance makes every attempt to provide accurate information, some of the facts provided may become outdated or replaced by new research findings. Questions and comments may be addressed to library@sdzwa.org.
This fact sheet was peer reviewed in late 2023 and early 2024 by scientists and wildlife care specialists with expertise in elephant biology.
Many thanks to our reviewers for generously sharing their time and knowledge to improve this fact sheet.
Special thanks to SDZWA volunteer Leila Dooley for research assistance with cultural and SDZWA history information.