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White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) Fact Sheet: Bibliography & Resources

Bibliography

Amato GD, Ashley M, Gatesy J. 1993. Molecular evolution in living species of rhinoceros: implications for conservation. In: Ryder OA, editor. Rhinoceros biology and conservation. Proceedings of the International Rhino Conference; 1991 May 9-11, San Diego: Zoological Society of San Diego. pp. 114-122.
 
Ashley MV, Melnick DJ, Western D. 1990. Conservation genetics of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), I: Evidence from the mitochondrial DNA of three populations. Conservation Biology. 4(1):71-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00269.x
 
Aubery L. (Chairman). 2001. Proceedings of the Rhino Keepers' Workshop; 2001 May 7-10, San Diego: Zoological Society of San Diego.

AZA. 2023. Species Survival Statistics [data table report]. Chicago (IL): Lincoln Park Zoo/AZA Population Management Center; [accessed 2023 Apr 18]. https://www.aza.org/species-survival-statistics.

AZA (Association of Zoos & Aquariums). 2024. Species Survival Statistics [data table report]. Chicago (IL): Lincoln Park Zoo/AZA Population Management Center; [accessed 2024 Feb 28; data table last updated Jan 2024]. https://www.aza.org/species-survival-statistics.


Berger J. 1994. Science, conservation and black rhinos. Journal of Mammalogy. 75(2):298-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1382548
 
Bertschinger HJ. 1995. Reproduction in black and white rhinos: a review. In: Penzhorn BL, Kriek NPJ, editors. Proceedings of a Symposium on Rhinos as Game Ranch Animals; 1994 September 9-10, Onderstepoort, South Africa: Wildlife Group, South African Veterinary Association. pp. 155-161.
 
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Brown SM, Houlden BA. 2000. Conservation genetics of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). Conservation Genetics. 1:365-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011579807460
 
Butler R. 2013 Apr 25. Rhinos now extinct in Mozambique's Limpopo National Park. Mongabay. [accessed 18 Nov 2015]. http://news.mongabay.com/2013/04/rhinos-now-extinct-in-mozambiques-limpopo-national-park/
 
Charlton J. 2015. AZA Regional Studbook. Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum). Cincinnati (OH): Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden.
 
Conway AJ, Goodman PS. 1989. Population characteristics and management of black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis minor and white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum simum in Ndumu Game Reserve, South Africa. Biological Conservation. 47:109-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(89)90094-3
 
Cooke HBS. 1972. The fossil mammal fauna of Africa. In: Keast A,Erk FC, Class B, editors. Evolution, mammals and southern continents. Albany, New York: State University of New York. pp. 89-139.
 
du Toit R. 1987. The existing basis for subspecies classification of black and white rhinos. Pachyderm. 9:3-5.
 
Emslie R. 2002. African rhino numbers continue to increase. Pachyderm. 33:103-107.
 
Emslie R. 2012. Ceratotherium simum. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. e.T4185A16980466. [accessed 2015 November 23]. Version 2012.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T4185A16980466.en

Emslie R. 2020. Ceratotherium simum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T4185A45813880. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4185A45813880.en.

Emslie R, Brooks M, compilers. 1999. African Rhino Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
 
Emslie RH, Milliken T, Talukdar B, compilers. 2016. Joint Rhino Report for the Sixteenth Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna Conference of the Parties. African and Asian rhinoceroses – status, conservation and trade: a report from the IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN/SSC) African and Asian Rhino Specialist Groups and TRAFFIC to the CITES Secretariat pursuant to Resolution Conf. 9.14 (Rev. CoP15). CoP16 Doc. 54.2. http://www.rhinos.org/research-publications/iucn-african-rhino-specialist-group/.
 
Estes RD. 1991. The behavior guide to African mammals. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 
Ferreira S, Greaver C, Knight G, Knight M, Smit I, Pienaar D. 2015. Disruption of rhino demography by poachers may lead to population declines in Kruger National Park, South Africa. PloS One. 10(6):e0127783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127783
 
George M, Chemnick LG, Cisova D, Gabrisova E, Straril A, Ryder OA. 1993. Genetic differentiation of white rhinoceros subspecies: diagnostic differences in mitochondrial DNA and serum proteins. In: Ryder OA, editor. Rhinoceros biology and conservation. San Diego, CA: Zoological Society of San Diego. p. 105-113.
 
George M, Puentes LA, Ryder OA. 1983. Genetische unterschiede zwischen den unterarten des breitmaulnashorns [genetic differences between subspecies of white rhinoceros]. Internationales Zuchtbuch für Afrikanische Nashörner [International Studbook for African rhinos]. 2:60-66.
 
Goddard J. 1966. Mating and courtship of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis L.). East African Wildlife Journal. 4:69-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00883.x
 
Goddard J. 1967. Home range, behavior, and recruitment rates of two black rhinoceros populations. East African Wildlife Journal. 5:133-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1967.tb00768.x
 
Goddard J. 1970. Food preferences of black rhinoceros in the Tsavo National Park. East African Wildlife Journal. 8:145-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1970.tb00837.x
 
Gotch AF. 1995. Latin names explained: a guide to the scientific classification of reptiles, birds and mammals. London (England): Blandford. p. 517.
 
Goves C. Fernando P. Robovský J. 2010. The Sixth Rhino: A Taxonomic Re-Assessment of the Critically Endangered Northern White Rhinoceros. PLoS One. 5(4):e9703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009703
 
Hillman-Smith AKK, Groves CP. 1994. Diceros bicornis. Mammalian Species. 455:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3504292
 
Integrated Taxonomic Information System Database (ITIS). 2015. [updated 2014 Mar 05; accessed 2015 Feb 12]. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=625001.
 
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 2012. Ceratotherium simum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2
 
Jewell ZC, Alibhai SK, Law PR. 2001. Censusing and monitoring black rhino (Diceros bicornis) using an objective spoor (footprint) identification technique. Journal of Zoology. 254:1-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952836901000516
 
Jones M. 1991. And then there were none: saving the rhino. ZOONOOZ. 64(5):6-12.
 
Killmar L. 1990. Critical balance: captive population strategies for the next 200 years. ZOONOOZ, 63(3):8-13.
 
Kingdon J. 1997. The Kingdon field guide to African mammals. San Diego: Academic Press.
 
Kuzmin YA. Extinction of the wooly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and rhinosceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) in Eurasia: Review of chronological and environmental issues. Boreas. 39:247-261. http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/128/1280538062.pdf
 
Lacombat F. 2005. The evolution of the rhinoceros. In: Fulconis R. Save the rhinos: EAZA Rhino Campaign 2005-2006 info pack. London: Save the Rhinos. p. 46-49.
 
Leader-Williams N. 1992. The world trade in rhino horn: a review. Cambridge, UK: Traffic International.
 
McKeever M. 2000. Rhinos: ambassadors from another age. ZOONOOZ. 73(10):8-14.
 
Meltzer DGA.1995. Diseases in free-ranging black and white rhioceroses.
 
Metrione L, Eyres A, editors. 2014. Rhino husbandry manual. Fort Worth, TX: International Rhino Foundation.
 
Merz A. 1991. Rhino: at the brink of extinction. London: Harper Collins Publishers. In: Penzhorn BL, Kriek NPJ, editors. Proceedings of a Symposium on Rhinos as Game Ranch Animals; 1994 September 9-10; Onderstepoort, South Africa: Wildlife Group, South African Veterinary Association. p. 176-179.
 
Muya SM, Oguge NO. 2000. Effects of browse availability and quality on black rhino (Diceros bicornis michaeli Groves 1967) diet in Nairobi National Park, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology. 38:62-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2000.00213.x
 
Oloo TW, Brett R, Young TP. 1994. Seasonal variation in the feeding ecology of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis L.) in Laikipia Kenya. African Journal of Ecology. 32:142-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1994.tb00565.x
 
O'Ryan C, Harley EH. 1993. Comparisons of mitochondrial DNA in black and white rhinoceroses. Journal of Mammalogy. 74(2):343-346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1382389
 
Owen-Smith RN. 1973. The Behavioural Ecology of the White Rhinoceros. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Wisconsin. 863 pp.
 
Owen-Smith RN. 1975. The social ethology of the white rhinoceros. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie. 38:337-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1975.tb02010.x
 
Penzhorn BL, Krecek R, Horak I, Verster A, Walker J, Boomker J, Knapp S, Quandt S. 1995. Parasites of African rhinos: a documentation. In: Penzhorn BL, Kriek NPJ, editors. Proceedings of a Symposium on Rhinos as Game Ranch Animals; 1994 September 9-10; Onderstepoort, South Africa: Wildlife Group, South African Veterinary Association. p. 168-175.
 
Pienaar DJ. 1995. Social organization and behavior of the white rhinoceros. In: Penzhorn BL, Kriek NPJ, editors. Proceedings of a Symposium on Rhinos as Game Ranch Animals; 1994 September 9-10; Onderstepoort, South Africa: Wildlife Group, South African Veterinary Association. p. 87-92.
 
Pienaar DJ, Bothma JP, Theron GK. 1993. White rhinoceros range size in the south-western Kruger National Park. Journal of Zoology. 229:641-649.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02661.x
 
Player IC, Feely JM. 1960. A preliminary report on the square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum simum. Lammergeyer (Natal). 1(1):3-23.
 
Pournelle GH. 1963. Rhinos...big news in a brief letter. ZOONOOZ. 36(1):3-5.
 
Prothero DR. 1993. Fifty million years of rhinoceros evolution. In: Ryder OA, editor. Rhinoceros biology and conservation. Proceedings of the International Rhino Conference. 1991. San Diego: Zoological Society of San Diego.
 
Rachlow JL, Kie JG, Berger J. 1999. Territoriality and spatial patterns of white rhinoceros in Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology. 37:295-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.1999.00175.x
 
Ramirez M. 1993. Finally, a rhino birth at San Diego Zoo. ZOONOOZ. 66(1):16-17.
 
Robinson D. 1998. Rhino program breeds success... at San Diego's Wild Animal Park. Wildlife Conservation. 101(2):60-61.
 
Rookmaaker K. 2003. Why the name of the white rhinoceros is not appropriate. Pachyderm. 34:88-93.
 
Rookmaaker LC. 1995. Subspecies and ecotypes of the black rhinoceros. Pachyderm. 20:39-40.
 
Rookmaaker LC. 1998. The rhinoceros in captivity: a list of 2439 rhinoceroses kept from Roman times to 1994. The Hague, Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing.
 
Roth TL, Brown JL. 1999. Is there any rhyme or reason to rhinoceros reproduction? A summary of reproductive characteristices, species-specificities and challenges for the future. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians; 1999 October 9-14; Columbus, Ohio. p. 97-99.
 
San Diego Zoo. 2015. Big Arrivals at San Diego Zoo Safari Park: Six Southern White Rhinos Arrive from South Africa as Part of Rhino Conservation Initiative. Zoo Blogs. [Accessed November 16, 2015.] http://blogs.sandiegozoo.org/2015/11/06/big-arrivals-at-san-diego-zoo-safari-park-six-southern-white-rhinos-arrive-from-south-africa-as-part-of-rhino-conservation-initiative/; no longer available online—but also see this blog article.
 
Schenkel R. Rhinoceroses: white rhinoceroses. In: Parker SP, editor. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. Volume 4; p. 610-620.
 
Schenkel R, Schenkel-Hulliger L. 1969. Ecology and behaviour of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis L.): a field study. Hamburg: Verlag Paul Parey.

 

Simmons, C. 2018 (March 20). Sad news from Kenya. San Diego Zoo Global press release.

Steiner CC, Ryder OA. 2011. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the Perissodactyla. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 163:1289-1303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00752.x
 
Swaisgood RR. 2001. Southern White Rhino Captive Behavior. In: Proceedings of the Rhino Keepers' Workshop 2001; 2001 May 7-10; San Diego, CA.
 
Tatman SC, Stevens-Wood B, Smith VBT. 2000. Ranging behavior and habitat usage in black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis, in a Kenyan sanctuary. African Journal of Ecology. 30:163-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2000.00235.x

UNEP. 2019. Species+: Ceratotherium simum [online database]. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP [compiled by UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK]. [accessed 2019 Oct 11]. https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/10255/legal.
 
Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS). Ver 2.0. 2014. [updated 2015 Feb 12; accessed 2015 Feb 12]. https://zims.species360.org/.

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