Arengo, F., and G.A. Baldassarre. 2002. Patch choice and foraging behavior of nonbreeding American flamingos in Yucatan, Mexico. The Condor, 104(2):452-457.
AZA. 2023. Species Survival Statistics [data table report]. Chicago (IL): Lincoln Park Zoo/AZA Population Management Center; [accessed 2023 Apr 18]. https://www.aza.org/species-survival-statistics.
AZA (Association of Zoos & Aquariums). 2024. Species Survival Statistics [data table report]. Chicago (IL): Lincoln Park Zoo/AZA Population Management Center; [accessed 2024 Feb 28; data table last updated Jan 2024]. https://www.aza.org/species-survival-statistics.
Baldassarre, G.A., and F. Arengo. 2000. A review of the ecology and conservation of Caribbean flamingos in Yucatan, Mexico. Waterbirds, 23, Special Publication 1: 70-79.
Beer, J.V., and J. Kear. 1975. In: J. Kear, and N. Duplaix-Hall eds. Flamingos. P. 203-204. Berkhamsted, England: T. & A. D Poyser.
BirdLife International. 2016. Phoenicopterus ruber. The IUCN red list of threatened species [Internet]. Version 2018.1; e.T22729706A95020920 [species assessed 2016 Oct 01; page accessed 2018 Oct 30]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22729706A95020920.en.
BirdLife International. 2018. Phoenicopterus ruber. The IUCN red list of threatened species [Internet]. Version 2019.1; e.T22729706A132180192 [species assessed 2018 Aug 09; page accessed 2019 Jun 25]. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22729706A132180192.en
BirdLife International. 2021. Phoenicopterus ruber. The IUCN red list of threatened species [Internet]. Version 2024-1; e.T22729706A138951737. [assessed 2020 Oct 30; page accessed 2024 Aug 20]. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22729706A138951737.en.
Boylan, J. 2000. Sonographic analysis of the vocalizations of Chilean and Carebbean flamingos. Waterbirds, 23, Special Publication 1:179-184.
Brueker, C., and H. Vargas. 1998. Naturalist guides assist in monitoring flamingos. Noticias de Galapagos, no. 59., last visited 10/06/2003.
Casler, C.L. and E.E. Este. 2000. Caribbean flamingos feeding at a new solar saltworks in western Venezuela. Waterbirds, 23, Special Publication 1: 95-102.
Delany, S. and D. Scott, eds. 2002. Waterbird Population Estimates, 3rd edition. Netherlands: Wetlands International, last visted 10/06/2003.
del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, eds. 1992. Handbook of Birds of the World, Vol 1. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
Ehrlich, P.R., D.S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1988. The Birder's Handbook. A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc.
Elphick, C., J.B. Dunning, Jr., and D.A. Sibley. 2001. National Audubon Society: The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior, pp. 187-189. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 587 pp.
Espino-Barros, R., and G.A. Baldassarre. 1989a. Activity and habitat-use patterns of breeding Caribbean flamingos in Yucatan, Mexico. The Condor, 91:585-591.
Espino-Barros, R., and G.A. Baldassarre. 1989b. Numbers, migration chronology, and activity patterns, of nonbreeding Caribbean flamingos in Yucatan, Mexico. The Condor, 91: 592-597.
Espinoza, F., et al. 2000. Numbers and distribution of the Caribbean flamingo in Venezuela. Waterbirds, 23, Special Publication 1: 80-86.
Este, E.E., and C.L. Casler. 2000. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in Caribbean flamingo feeding areas at Los Olivitos Wildlife Refuge, western Venezuela. Waterbirds, 23, Special Publication 1: 87-94.
Diamant, K. 1997. A flourishing flock. ZooNooz, May. 70(5): 8-13.
Feduccia, A. 1996. The Origin and Evolution of Birds. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Fox, D.L. 1975. Carotenoids in pigmentation. In: J. Kear, and N. Duplaix-Hall eds. Flamingos. P. 162-182. Berkhamsted, England: T. & A. D Poyser.
Friedmann, L. 2003. Flamingos frolic in new lagoon. ZooNooz, 76(8):8-12.
FSG. 2000. Flamingo Specialist Group Newsletter, no. 10, visited August 15, 2003.
Galicia, E., and G.A. Baldassarre. 1997. Effects of motorized tourboats on the behavior of nonbreeding American Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) in Yucatan, Mexico. Conservation Biology, 11:1159-1165.
Humphreys, P.N. 1975. Pathological conditions. In: J. Kear, and N. Duplaix-Hall eds. Flamingos. Pp. 199-202. Berkhamsted, England: T. & A. D Poyser.
Kear, J., and N. Duplaix-Hall, eds. 1975. Flamingos. Berkhamsted, England: T. & A. D Poyser. 246 pp.
Mindell, D.P. et al. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among and within select avian orders based on mitochondrial DNA. In: D.P. Mindell, ed. Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics, pp. 214-247. San Diego: Academic Press.
Muller, K.A. 1983. The imortal flamingo. ZooNooz, May. 56(5): 14-17.
Ogilvie, M., and C. Ogilvie. 1986. Flamingos. Gloucester, GB: Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd. 121 pp.
Olsen, S.L. and A. Feduccia. 1980. Relationships and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 316:1-73.
Ottenwalder, J.A., C.A. Woods, G.B. Rathburn, and J.B. Thorbjarnarson. 1990. Status of the greater flamingo in Haiti. Colonial Waterbirds 13(2): 115-123.
Pirela, D.E. 2000. Monitoring Caribbean flamingos at Los Olivitos Wildlife Refuge, western Australia. Waterbirds, 23, Special Publication 1: 103-108.
Rooth, J. The flamingos on Bonaire: habitat, diet and reproduction of Pheonicopterus ruber ruber. The Natural Science Study Group of Suriname and the Dutch Antilles, Publication 41.
Shannon, P.W. 2000. Plumages and molt patterns in captive Caribbean flamingos. Waterbirds, 23, Special Publication 1:160-172.
Sprunt, A. 1975. The Caribbean. In: J. Kear, and N. Duplaix-Hall eds. Flamingos. Berkhamsted, England: T. & A. D Poyser.
UNEP. 2019. Species+: Phoenicopterus ruber [online database]. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP [compiled by UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK]. [accessed 2019 Jun 25]. https://speciesplus.net/species#/taxon_concepts/6046/legal
Van Tuinen, M., D.B. Butvill, J.A.W. Kirsch, and S.B. Hedges. 2001. Convergence and divergence in the evolution of aquatic birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 268:1345-1350.
Wiley, J.W., and B.N. Wiley. 1979. Status of the American Flamingo in the Dominican Republic and Eastern Haiti. Auk 96(3):615-619.
Wood, N.A. 1975. Tuberculosis. In: J. Kear, and N. Duplaix-Hall eds. Flamingos. P. 205-207. Berkhamsted, England: T. & A. D Poyser.
Zweers, G., F. de Jong, and H. Berkhoudt. 1995. Filter feeding in flamingos (Pheonicopterus ruber). The Condor. 97(2): 297-324.
