Diurnal (from Klingel 2013 unless otherwise noted)
Daily activity patterns (from Klingel 2013 unless otherwise noted)
Annual activity patterns (from Klingel 2013 unless otherwise noted)
Seasonal ranges (from Klingel 2013 unless otherwise noted)
Annual ranges (from Klingel 2013 unless otherwise noted)
Highly social animals (from Klingel 2013 unless otherwise noted)
Harem size (from Klingel 2013 unless otherwise noted
Dominance hierarchy linear (from Klingel 2013 unless otherwise noted)
Bachelor/stallion groups
Aggression (from Klingel 2013 unless otherwise noted)
Affiliative behaviors (from Klingel 2013 unless otherwise noted)
Play (from Waring 1983 unless otherwise noted)
Vocalization (from Klingel 2013 unless otherwise noted)
Facial expression (from Klingel 2013 unless otherwise noted)
Olfaction/Scent Marking (from Estes 2012 unless otherwise noted)
Walk, trot, gallop, and run
Swim to cross rivers and streams
Other Behaviors
Predators
Herbivore interactions
Symbiotic interactions
Aggressive displays are similar to those observed in the domestic horses. Individuals strike out with hooves, neck wrestle, bite and chase their opponents.
Image credit: © P Steward from Flickr. Some rights reserved.
Plains zebra are highly social animals that live in small family units that maintain contact with one another even when mixing into larger herds of ungulates containing several thousand individuals. Close family bonds are maintained through social grooming, close standing, and greeting ceremonies. This picture, taken in Namibia, shows group-mates as they rest their heads on one another's back.
Image credit: © J Oldenettel from Flickr. Some rights reserved
Bishop and Bishop (2013)
Breitwisch (1992)
Dean and MacDonald (1981)
Estes (2012)
Grobler and Charsley (1978)
Grubb (1981)
Hack et al. (2002)
Harris et al. (2009)
Kingdon (1979)
Klingel (1965)
Klingel (1967)
Klingel (1969)
Klingel (2013)
Maddock (1979)
Naidoo et al. (2014)
Nunn et al. (2011)
Owaga (1975)
Perry (1983)
Plantan et al. (2013)
Schilder (1988)
Smuts (1975)
Smuts (1976c)
Waring (1983)
Weeks (2000)