100 Years of the San Diego Zoo. San Diego Zoo Global [website]. [accessed 2016 Aug 25]. Formerly available at: http://timeline.sandiegozoo100.org/.
Abell J, Kirzinger MWB, Gordon Y, Kirk J, Kokeŝ R, Lynas K, Mandinyenya B, Youldon D. 2013. A social network analysis of social cohesion in a constructed pride: implications for ex situ reintroduction of the African lion (Panthera leo). PloS One. 8(12):e82541-e82541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082541
Akama JS. 2008. Controversies surrounding the ban on wildlife hunting in Kenya: an historical perspective. In: Lovelock B, editor. Tourism and the consumption of wildlife: hunting, shooting and sport fishing. New York: Taylor & Francis; p. 73-86.
Andersen K, Vulpius T. 1999. Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, Panthera leo. Chemical Senses. 24(2):179-189. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/24.2.179
Arsznov BM, Sakai ST. 2012. Pride diaries: sex, brain size and sociality in the African lion (Panthera leo) and cougar (Puma concolor). Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 79(4):275-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000338670.
AZA. 2023. Species Survival Statistics [data table report]. Chicago (IL): Lincoln Park Zoo/AZA Population Management Center; [accessed 2023 Apr 18]. https://www.aza.org/species-survival-statistics.
Barnett R, Yamaguchi N, Barnes I, Cooper A. 2006. The origin, current diversity and future conservation of the modern lion (Panthera leo). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 273(1598):2119-2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3555
Barnett R, Yamaguchi N, Shapiro B, Ho SY, Barnes I, Sabin R, Werdelin L, Cuisin J, Larson G. 2014. Revealing the maternal demographic history of Panthera leo using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14(1):1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-70
Bauer H, Chapron G, Nowell K, Henschel P, Funston P, Hunter LT, Macdonald DW, Packer C. 2015. Lion (Panthera leo) populations are declining rapidly across Africa, except in intensively managed areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112(48):14894-14899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500664112
Bauer H, Packer C, Funston PF, Henschel P, Nowell K. 2016. Panthera leo. The IUCN red list of threatened species [Internet]. Version 2019-1; e.T15951A97162455 [species assessed 2014 Jun 20; page accessed 2019 Apr 16]. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15951A79929984.en.
Bertola LD, Jongbloed H, van der Gaag KJ, de Knijff P, Yamaguchi N, Hooghiemstra H, Bauer H, Henschel P, White PA, Driscoll CA et al. 2016. Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and high resolution delineation of genetic clades in the lion (Panthera leo). Scientific Reports. 6:30807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep30807
Bertola LD, Tensen L, van Hooft P, White PA, Driscoll CA, Henschel P, Caragiulo A, Dias-Freedman I, Sogbohossou EA, Tumenta PN et al. 2015. Autosomal and mtDNA markers affirm the distinctiveness of lions in West and Central Africa. PloS One. 10(10):e0137975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137975
Bertola LD, van Hooft WF, Vrieling K, Uit de Weerd DR, York DS, Bauer H, Prins HHT, Funston PJ, Udo de Haes HA, Leirs H et al. 2011. Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion (Panthera leo) in West and Central Africa. Journal of Biogeography. 38(7):1356-1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x
Bjork KE, Averbeck GA, Stromberg BE. 2000. Parasites and parasite stages of free-ranging wild lions (Panthera leo) of northern Tanzania. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 31(1):56-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0056:PAPSOF]2.0.CO;2
Breitenmoser, U., Mallon, D.P., Ahmad Khan, J. and Driscoll, C. 2008. Panthera leo ssp. persica. The IUCN red list of threatened species [Internet]. Version 2019.1; e.T15952A5327221 [species assessed 2008 Jun 30; page accessed 2019 Apr 16]. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en
Byrnes L. Training big cats [blog]. 18 December 2015. ZOONOOZ: keeper notes. [accessed 2015 August 25]. http://zoonooz.sandiegozoo.org/2015/12/18/training-big-cats/
Carmignani K. The "mane" highlights of lion care. May 2016. ZOONOOZ; p. 20-21. https://issuu.com/sdzglobal/docs/may_zoonooz_44d5236709100a
Celesia GG, Townsend Peterson A, Kerbis Peterhans JC, Gnoske TP. 2009. Climate and landscape correlates of African lion (Panthera leo) demography. African Journal of Ecology. 48(1):58-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01082.x
Chassin PS, Taylor CR, Heglund NC, Seeherman HJ. 1976. Locomotion in lions: energetic cost and maximum aerobic capacity. Physiological Zoology. 49(1):1-10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30155672
Chauvenet ALM, Durant SM, Hilborn R, Pettorelli N. 2011. Unintended consequences of conservation actions: managing disease in complex ecosystems. PloS One. 6(12):e28671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028671
Checklist of CITES species. CITES; [accessed 2016 June 16]. http://www.cites.org
Christiansen P, Harris JM. 2009. Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Panthera atrox: implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29(3):934-945. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1671/039.029.0314
Cooper S. 1991. Optimal hunting group size: the need for lions to defend their kills against loss to spotted hyaenas. African Journal of Ecology. 29(2):130-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1991.tb00993.x
Craigie ID, Baillie JEM, Balmford A, Carbone C, Collen B, Green RE, Hutton JM. 2010. Large mammal population declines in Africa’s protected areas. Biological Conservation. 143(9):2221-2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.06.007
Davidson Z, Valeix M, Van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, Macdonald DW. 2013. Seasonal diet and prey preference of the African lion in a waterhole-driven semi-arid savanna. PloS One. 8(2):e55182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055182
Davis BW, Li G, Murphy WJ. 2010. Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56:64-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036
De Waal HO, Osthoff G, Hugo A, Myburgh J, Botes P. 2004. The composition of African lion (Panthera leo) milk collected a few days postpartum. Mammalian Biology. 69(6):375-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1616-5047-00159
Divyabhanusinh. 2005. The story of Asia's lions. Mumbai (India): Marg Publications.
Dolrenry S, Stenglein J, Hazzah L, Lutz RS, Frank L. 2014. A metapopulation approach to African lion (Panthera leo) conservation. PloS One. 9(2):e88081-e88081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088081
Eloff F. 1984. Food ecology of the Kalahari lion Panthera leo vernayi. Koedoe. 27(2):249-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v27i2.584
Estes RD, editor. 2012. Lion Panthera leo. The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; p. 369-377.
Ferreira SM, Funston PJ. 2010. Estimating lion population variables: prey and disease effects in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Wildlife Research. 37(3):194-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WR09030
Forest Force, Government of Gujarat (India). 2015. 14th lion population estimation report - 2015. http://gujenvis.nic.in/PDF/lion%20population%20report%202015.pdf
Funston PJ, Mills MGL. Aspects of sociality in Kruger National Park lions: the role of males. In: J. van Heerden, editor. Proceedings of a symposium on lions and leopards as game ranch animals; p. 18-26. The Wildlife Group; 24-25 October 1997; Onderstepoort, South Africa. South African Veterinary Association.
Funston P, Mills M, Biggs H, Richardson P. 1998. Hunting by male lions: ecological influences and socioecological implications. Animal Behaviour. 56(6):1333-1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1998.0884
Funston PJ, Mills MGL, Biggs HC. 2001. Factors affecting the hunting success of male and female lions in the Kruger National Park. Journal of Zoology. 253(4):419-431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952836901000395
Funston PJ, Mills MGL, Richardson PRK, Van Jaarsveld AS. 2003. Reduced dispersal and opportunistic territory acquisition in male lions (Panthera leo). Journal of Zoology. 259(2):131-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952836902003126
Guggisberg, CAW. 1963. Simba: the life of the lion. 1st (American) Edition. Philadelphia and New York: Chilton Books.
Haas G. 1958. 24-stunden-periodik von grosskatzen im zoologischen garten. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 6:113-117.
Hanby J, Bygott J. 1987. Emigration of subadult lions. Animal Behaviour. 35(1):161-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80221-X
Hayward MW, Kerley GI. 2005. Prey preferences of the lion (Panthera leo). Journal of Zoology. 267(03):309-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952836905007508
Hazzah L, Borgerhoff Mulder M, Frank L. 2009. Lions and warriors: Social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya. Biological Conservation. 142(11): 2428-2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.006
Hazzah L, Dolrenry S, Naughton L, Edwards CTT, Mwebi O, Kearney F, Frank L. 2014. Efficacy of two lion conservation programs in Maasailand, Kenya. Conservation Biology. 28(3):851-860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12244
Hemson G, Maclennan S, Mills G, Johnson P, Macdonald D. 2009. Community, lions, livestock and money: A spatial and social analysis of attitudes to wildlife and the conservation value of tourism in a human–carnivore conflict in Botswana. Biological Conservation. 142(11):2718-2725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.024
Henschel P., Bauer H., Sogbohoussou E., and Nowell K. 2015. Panthera leo West Africa subpopulation. The IUCN red list of threatened species [Internet]. Version 2019-1; e.T68933833A54067639. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en
Henschel P, Coad L, Burton C, Chataigner B, Dunn A, MacDonald D, Saidu Y, Hunter LTB. 2014. The lion in West Africa is critically endangered. PloS One. 9(1):e83500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083500
Hunter LTB, Pretorius K, Carlisle LC, Rickelton M, Walker C, Slotow R, Skinner JD. 2007. Restoring lions Panthera leo to northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: short-term biological and technical success but equivocal long-term conservation. Oryx. 41(02):196-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003060530700172X
Huxley E. 1974. Livingstone and his African journeys. New York: Saturday Review Press.
Ikanda D, Packer C. 2008. Ritual vs. retaliatory killing of African lions in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Endangered Species Research. 6(1):67-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00120
Jackson D. 2010. Lion. London (United Kingdom): Reaktion Books.
Khan J A., 1995. Conservation and management of Gir Lion Sanctury and National Park, Gujarat, India. Biological Conservation. 73(3):183-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)00107-2
Kilian P, Bothma JDP. 2003. Notes on the social dynamics and behaviour of reintroduced lions in the Welgevonden Private Game Reserve. South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 33(2):119-124.
Kitchener AC, Breitemoser-Würsten Ch, Eizirik E, Gentry A, Werdelin L, Wilting A, Wamaguchi N, Abramov A, Christiansen P, Driscoll C, et al. 2017. A revised taxonomy of the Felidae. The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group. Cat News Spec. Issue 11, 80 pages. http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=635.
Kisling VN, editor. 2001. Zoo and aquarium history: ancient animal collections to zoological gardens. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press.
Kissui BM. 2008. Livestock predation by lions, leopards, spotted hyenas, and their vulnerability to retaliatory killing in the Maasai steppe, Tanzania. Animal Conservation. 11(5):422-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00199.x
Kissui BM, Packer C. 2004. Top–down population regulation of a top predator: lions in the Ngorongoro Crater. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 271(1550):1867-1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2797
Kushnir H, Leitner H, Ikanda D, Packer C. 2010. Human and ecological risk factors for unprovoked lion attacks on humans in southeastern Tanzania. Human Dimensions of Wildlife. 15(5):315-331. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871200903510999
Kushnir H, Weisberg S, Olson E, Juntunen T, Ikanda D, Packer C. 2014. Using landscape characteristics to predict risk of lion attacks on humans in south-eastern Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology. 52(4):524-532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.12157
Leach M, editor. 1984 Lion. In: Funk & Wagnalls standard dictionary of folklore, mythology, and legend. San Francisco (California): Harper & Row Publishers; p. 626-627.
Lindsey PA, Balme G, Becker M, Begg C, Bento C, Bocchino C, Dickman A, Diggle RW, Eves H, Henschel P et al. 2013a. The bushmeat trade in African savannas: Impacts, drivers, and possible solutions. Biological Conservation. 160:80-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.12.020
Lindsey PA, Balme GA, Booth VR, Midlane N. 2012. The significance of African lions for the financial viability of trophy hunting and the maintenance of wild land. PloS One. 7(1):e29332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029332
Lindsey PA, Balme GA, Funston P, Henschel P, Hunter L, Madzikanda H, Midlane N, Nyirenda V. 2013b. The trophy hunting of African lions: scale, current management practices and factors undermining sustainability. PloS One. 8(9):e73808-e73808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073808
Lindsey PA, Roulet PA, Romañach SS. 2007. Economic and conservation significance of the trophy hunting industry in sub-Saharan Africa. Biological Conservation. 134(4):455-469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.09.005
Lions. FelidTAG [website]. [accessed 2016 August 25]. http://felid-tag.org/lions/
Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, Macdonald DW. 2006. Influence of drought on predation of elephant (Loxodonta africana) calves by lions (Panthera leo) in an African wooded savannah. Journal of Zoology. 270(3):523-530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00181.x
Lyke MM, Dubach J, Briggs MB. 2013. A molecular analysis of African lion (Panthera leo) mating structure and extra-group paternity in Etosha National Park. Molecular Ecology. 22(10):2787-2796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12279
Maa Dictionary (online). 2008. Maa Maasai Language Project, University of Oregon. http://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/
Maas M, Keet DF, Rutten VPMG, Heesterbeek JAP, Nielen M. 2012. Assessing the impact of feline immunodeficiency virus and bovine tuberculosis co-infection in African lions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 279(1745):4206-4214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1503
Maclennan SD, Groom RJ, Macdonald DW, Frank LG. 2009. Evaluation of a compensation scheme to bring about pastoralist tolerance of lions. Biological Conservation. 142(11):2419-2427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.003
Matoba T, Kutsukake N, Hasegawa T. 2013. Head rubbing and licking reinforce social bonds in a group of captive African lions, Panthera leo. PloS One. 8(9):1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073044
Mazák JH. 2010. Geographical variation and phylogenetics of modern lions based on craniometric data. Journal of Zoology. 281(3):194-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00694.x
McBride CJ. 1977. The white lions of Timbavati. London (UK): Paddington Press.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary online. [accessed 2016 July 27]. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
Miller JM. Bwana Devil. Turner Classic Movies [website]. http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/333850%7C0/Bwana-Devil.html
Miller SM, Harper CK, Bloomer P, Hofmeyr J, Funston PJ. 2014. Evaluation of microsatellite markers for populations studies and forensic identification of African lions (Panthera leo). Journal of Heredity. 105(6):856-866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esu054
Miller JRB, Balme G, Lindsey PA, Loveridge AJ, Becker MS, Begg C, Brink H, Dolrenry S, Hunt JE, Jansson I et al. 2016. Aging traits and sustainable trophy hunting of African lions. Biological Conservation. 201:160-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.003
Mosser A, Packer C. 2009. Group territoriality and the benefits of sociality in the African lion, Panthera leo. Animal Behaviour. 78(2):359-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.04.024
Nicholson S, Bauer H, Strampelli P, Sogbohossou E, Ikanda D, Tumenta PF, Venktraman M, Chapron G, Loveridge A. 2024. Panthera leo (amended version of 2023 assessment). The IUCN red list of threatened species [Internet]. Version 2024-1; e.T15951A259030422. [assessed 2023 Feb 01 page accessed 2024 Aug 20; https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/259030422.
Nowell K, Jackson P (editors). 1996. Wild cats: status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Nowell K, Pervushina N. 2014. Review of implementation of Resolution Conf. 12.5 (Rev. CoP16) on conservation and trade in tigers and other Appendix-I Asian big cats. IUCN and TRAFFIC report prepared for the CITES Secretariat, 65th meeting of the CITES Standing Committee, Geneva, 7-11 July. http://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/65/E-SC65-38-A01_0.pdf. Accessed 2016 July 11.
O'Brien SJ, W. Johnson W. 2007. The evolution of cats. Scientific American. 297(1):68-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0707-68
O'Brien S, Johnson W. 2005. Big cat genomics. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 6:407-290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162151
Oxford English Dictionary online. [accessed 2016 August 08]. http://www.oed.com/
Packer C, Brink H, Kissui BM, Maliti H, Kushnir H, Caro T. 2011. Effects of trophy hunting on lion and leopard populations in Tanzania. Conservation Biology. 25(1):142-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01576.x
Packer C, Ikanda D, Kissui B, Kushnir H. 2005. Lion attacks on humans in Tanzania. Nature. 436:927-928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/436927a
Packer C, Kosmala M, Cooley HS, Brink H, Pintea L, Garshelis D, Purchase G, Strauss M, Swanson A, Balme G et al. 2009. Sport hunting, predator control and conservation of large carnivores. PloS One. 4(6):e5941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005941
Packer C, Loveridge A, Canney S, Caro T, Garnett S, Pfeifer M, Zander K, Swanson A, Macnulty D, Balme G. 2013. Conserving large carnivores: dollars and fence. Ecology Letters. 16(5):635-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12091
Packer C, Pusey AE. 1983. Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males. The American Naturalist 121(5):716-728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284097
Packer C, Pusey AE. 1987. Intrasexual cooperation and the sex ratio in African lions. The American Naturalist. 130(4):636-642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284735
Packer C, Pusey A. 1995. The Lack clutch in a communal breeder: lion litter size is a mixed evolutionarily stable strategy. The American Naturalist. 145(5):833-841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285771
Packer C, Pusey AE, Eberly LE. 2001. Egalitarianism in female African lions. Science. 293(5530):690-693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1062320
Packer C, Pusey AE, Rowley H, Gilbert DA, Martenson J, O'Brien SJ. 1991. Case study of a population bottleneck: lions of the Ngorongoro Crater. Conservation Biology. 5(2):219-230. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2386196
Packer C, Tatar M, Collins A. 1998. Reproductive cessation in female mammals. Nature. 392(6678):807-811. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=9572138&site=eds-live
Patterson BD, Kasiki SM, Selempo E, Kays RW. 2004. Livestock predation by lions (Panthera leo) and other carnivores on ranches neighboring Tsavo National Parks, Kenya. Biological Conservation. 119(4):507-516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.013
Perkins W. "The Life of Lion." May 2016. ZOONOOZ; p. 11-13. https://issuu.com/sdzglobal/docs/may_zoonooz_44d5236709100a
Peterson AT, Radocy T, Hall E, Kerbis Peterhans JC, Celesia GG. 2014. The potential distribution of the vulnerable African lion Panthera leo in the face of changing global climate. Oryx. 48(4):555-564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605312000919
Pusey AE, Packer C. 1987. Intrasexual cooperation and the sex ratio in African lions. The American Naturalist. 130(4):636-642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284735
Pusey, AE, Packer C. 1990. Infanticide in lions: consequences and counterstrategies. In: Parmigiani S, vom Saal FS, editors. Infanticide and parental care. Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Pusey AE, Packer C. 1994. Non-offspring nursing in social carnivores: minimizing the costs. Behavioral Ecology. 5(4):362-374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/5.4.362
Putman SB, Brown JL, Franklin AD, Schneider EC, Boisseau NP, Asa CS, Pukazhenthi BS. 2015. Characterization of ovarian steroid patterns in female African lions (Panthera leo), and the effects of contraception on reproductive function. PloS One. 10(10):1-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140373
Rangarajan M. 2013. Animals with rich histories: the case of the lions of Gir Forest, India. History & Theory. 52(4):109-127. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1111/hith.10690
Riggio J, Jacobson A, Dollar L, Bauer H, Becker M, Dickman A, Funston P, Groom R, Henschel P, de Iongh H et al. 2013. The size of savannah Africa: a lion’s (Panthera leo) view. Biodiversity and Conservation. 22(1):17-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4
Royal Beasts. Historic Royal Palaces [website]. [accessed 2016 Aug 25]. http://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/visit-us/top-things-to-see-and-do/royal-beasts/#gs.3SC=uC0
Rudnai JA. 1973. The social life of the lion: a study of the behaviour of wild lions (Pantera leo massaica [Newmann]) in the Nairobi National Park, Kenya. Pennsylvania: Washington Square East.
Schaller GB. 1972. The Serengetti lion: a study of predator-prey relations. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
Scott P. "Legendary Lions." May 2016. ZOONOOZ, p.16-18. https://issuu.com/sdzglobal/docs/may_zoonooz_44d5236709100a
Shoemaker AH, Pfaff SE. 1997. Developing a management plan for the African lion Panthera leo ssp in North America. International Zoo Yearbook 35:120-125.
Shoemaker AH, Pfaff SE. 1997. Developing a management plan for the African lion Panthera leo ssp in North America. International Zoo Yearbook. 35(1):120-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1997.tb01200.x
Smuts G, Hanks J, Whyte I. 1978. Reproduction and social organization of lions from Kruger National Park. Carnivore. 1:17-28.
Spencer P. 1988. The Maasai of Matapato: a study of rituals of rebellion. London: Mancester University Press.
Stander P. 1991. Demography of lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. Madoqua. 18(1):1-9.
Stander PE. 1992. Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 29:445-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170175
Stephenson LR. 2015. The San Diego Zoo: the founding era, 1916-1953. San Diego (California): Zoological Society of San Diego.
Sunquist M, Sunquist F. 2002. Lion. In: Wild cats of the world. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press; pp.285-304.
UNEP. 2019. Species+: Panthera leo [online database]. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP [compiled by UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK]. [accessed 2019 Apr 16]. https://speciesplus.net/species#/taxon_concepts/6353/legal
Van Metter JE, Harriger MD, Bolen RH. 2008. Environmental enrichment utilizing stimulus objects for African lions (Panthera leo leo) and Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). BIOS. 79(1):7-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1893/0005-3155(2008)79[7:EEUSOF]2.0.CO;2
Wayne RK, Brown DM. 2001. Hydridization and conservation of carnivores. In: Gittleman JL, Funk SM, Macdonald DW, editors. Carnivore conservation. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
Werdelin L. 2013. Family Felidae. In: Kingdon J, Hoffman M, editors. Mammals of Africa: carnivores, pangolins, equids and rhinoceroses. London: Bloomsbury Publishing; p. 144-148.
Werdelin L, Dehghani R. 2011. Carnivora. In: Harrison T, editor. Paleontology and geology of Laetoli: human evolution in context. Vol. 2: fossil hominins and the associated fauna. New York (New York): Springer Science and Business Media; p 189-232.
West PM; Packer C. 2002. Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane. Science. 297:1339-1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1073257
West P, Packer C. 2013. Panthera leo Lion. In: Kingdon J, Hoffman M, editors, editors. Mammals of Africa: carnivores, pangolins, equids and rhinoceroses. London: Bloomsbury Publishing; p. 149-158.
West PM, MacCormick H, Hopcraft G, Whitman K, Ericson M, Hordinsky M, Packer C. 2006. Wounding, mortality and mane morphology in African lions, Panthera leo. Animal Behaviour. 71(3):609-619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.06.009
White PA, Ikanda D, Ferrante L, Chardonnet P, Mesochina P, Cameriere R. 2016. Age estimation of African lions Panthera leo by ratio of tooth areas. PloS One. 11(4):1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153648
Whitman KL, Starfield AM, Quadling H, Packer C. 2007. Modeling the effects of trophy selection and environmental disturbance on a simulated population of African lions. Conservation Biology. 21(3):591-601. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00700.x
Whyte I, Smuts G. 1988. Dentition and life history of a 16-year-old known-age free-living male lion Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Kruger National Park. Koedoe. 31(1):99-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v31i1.488
Wilson DE, Mittermeier R. 2009, chief editors. Carnivores. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Barcelona (Spain): Lynx Edicions; p. 54-139.
Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA, chief editors. Handbook of the mammals of the world, volume 1. Barcelona (Spain): Lynx Edicions; c2009. Lion Panthera leo; p. 136-139.
Yamaguchi N, Cooper A, Werdelin L, Macdonald DW. 2004. Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (Panthera leo): a review. Journal of Zoology. 263(4):329-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005242
Young E. 1975. Some important parasitic and other diseases of lion, Panthera leo, in the Kruger National Park. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 46(2):181-183.
Lion by Deidre Jackson (2010)
A bold, fascinating read that brings together historical, biographical, cultural, and conservation perspectives on lions. Eloquently written and researched. Incredible collection of art history photographs and literary references.
San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance staff and volunteers
Email the SDZWA Library to request to checkout this book: library@sdzwa.org
Male lion licks female on top of her head.
